Most modern devices employ differential signaling to meet high-speed and high data-rate needs. Controlling differential signaling in rigid PCBs is simple if proper design principles and tools are used. However, handling differential signaling in flex circuits poses...
Impedance matching is the way of configuring the input impedance of a load or the output impedance of its signal source. It is performed to achieve maximum power transfer and reduce the signal reflections from the load. In other words, for proper impedance control,...
Impedance is the measurement of the restriction imposed by a circuit on the current flow. It is similar to resistance, but it also considers the effects of inductance and capacitance. Impedance control in flex stack-ups is essential to reduce signal reflections and...
Controlled impedance is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line formed by PCB traces and its associated reference planes. It is relevant when high-frequency signals are propagating on the PCB transmission line. In this article, we will demonstrate...
While manufacturing a PCB, controlled impedance can be achieved through specific dielectric thickness and by providing the target ohms on each layer. The factors that influence impedance are the PCB materials’ dielectric, the trace thickness, width, and height from...
Every day, PCB designs and components become smaller, faster – in other words, more complicated. It is now crucial to understand your critical nets and traces, impedances, and how the board impacts the performance of the signal. The time of simple interconnecting...
Delay is frustrating, whether in our daily lives or the devices we use for our convenience. Propagation delay/time delay inhibits the intended functions of the devices. When I say ‘devices,’ I am trying to draw your attention towards the components responsible for a...
Avoiding signal integrity issues in a PCB is an extremely complex task for designers. It requires a deep understanding of signal integrity design rules and techniques. With the introduction of faster logic families, the designers have realized that simple PCB layouts...
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is associated with every electronic device we use nowadays. If you turn on your radio set and TV simultaneously, you will experience the noisy disturbance from TV interfering with the radio signal and vice-versa. We can also...